In-text citations and references lists are mutually significant aspects because each source cited in a paper must appear in the reference list and each entry in the reference list must be cited in the body of the text. According to the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020), in-text citations follow different rules depending on the type. The author and the date of publication are specified in parentheses. In narrative citations, the author is included as part of the sentence, with the date of publication in parentheses. When directly quoting, apart from the author and the year of publication, the citation must include the page number using the abbreviation p. for one page or pp. for several pages. For APA 7th edition (2020), the reference list starts on a new page, and each entry in the reference list has a hanging indent. Also, it is arranged in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and authors' first and middle names should be written as initials. After the author's information, the year of publication in parentheses, the title, publishers, journal title, and any other extra information are included. The aim of this paper is to analyze the article Beyond Reflection: Teacher Learning as Praxis by Hoffman-Kipp, Artiles, and López Torres and compare it on the basis of APA 7th edition style.
As far as in-text citations throughout the article, the authors mostly follow APA 7th edition throughout their writing. However, some irregularities have been spotted. For instance, when it comes to citing three or more authors. The American Psychological Association (2020) states that, to avoid ambiguity, in-text citations of multiple works with three or more authors are shortened to the first author’s surname in alphabetical order and abbreviate the rest of the surnames to et al. in every citation. As opposed to APA 7th edition citations rules, the authors cite three authors as “(Engestrom, Miettinen, & Punamaki, 1999)” and “(Grossman, Smagorinsky, & Valencia, 1999)” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 249). Furthermore, these two citations have been correctly included in the reference list where the three authors’ names appear as it is stated in APA 7th Edition.
Dealing with parenthetical citations and paraphrase quotations, the authors of the article include the page number in “(Vavrus & Ozcan, 1996, p. 3)” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 250) in a paraphrase quotation. In contrast, as it is stated in APA 7th edition (2020), only direct quotations include the page number of the quotation, apart from the author and year. Despite this difference, the authors follow guidelines for direct quotations in APA 7th edition, for example in “(Ovens, 2002, p. 507)” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 249) except in one of the parenthetical citations where the authors miss the p. to include the page number “(Cole, 1996, 121)” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 252).
As regards in-text secondary source citations, the authors do not comply with APA 7th edition rules. For instance, the years of publication of the works carried out by Morrison and Tickle are skipped and the authors only cited “(cited in Lindsay & Mason, 2000, p. 120)” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 249). In contrast, APA 7th edition (2020) states that the original author and publication year should be included. Furthermore, as cited in is added before the author and year of the work where the idea was found.
When it comes to the reference list, it is clear that, again, it was designed following APA 7th edition (2020). Even though the authors follow APA 7th edition (2020) standards for referencing the different articles, journals, and books, some issues can be highlighted. To begin with, the authors cite paper presentations as “Artiles, A.J., Gutiérrez, K., & Rueda, R. (2002, April). Teacher education in a culturally diverse inclusive era: Implications of a cultural-historical vision for teacher learning research. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 254). On the contrary, the format for referencing paper presentations in APA 7th edition (2020) is different; first the presenter names, date (year, month, day), title in italics with the type of contribution in square brackets, and finally conference information (conference name and location). It can be observed that the authors do not include either the day of the presentation and the name of the country. Moreover, the type of presentation is not in square brackets after the title. Another worth-mentioning aspect is the incorporation of the phrase retrieved from. The authors include retrieved from in “... Retrieved March 2, 2003, from http://www.ecu.edu.au/conferences/herdsa/main/papers/ref/pdf/Ovens.pdf” (Hoffman-Kipp et al., 2003, p. 254). According to APA 7th edition (2020), the phrase retrieved from is not required before a DOI or URL as the links take the readers directly to the content.
In conclusion, this paper has compared the article by Hoffman-Kipp, Artiles, and López Torres in terms of in-text citations and reference pages with the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020). The authors do not follow APA 7th edition on certain occasions throughout the paper. Concerning APA 7th edition (2020) the authors are shortened to the first author’s surname along with et.al. As regards direct quotations, the page number of the quotation is included, aside from the author and the year. Concerning secondary source citations, first is included the primary source, and then as cited in is written to include the secondary source. The year of publication is also mentioned if it is known, and the phrase retrieved from is not needed when there is a hyperlink that allows the reader to have access to the content.
References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.7th Edition. American Psychological Association.
Hoffman-Kipp, P., Artiles, A. J., & Lopez-Torres, L. (2003). Beyond reflection: Teacher learning as praxis. Theory into practice, 42(3), 248-254.
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